Print 

Timeline

Kidnappings/Disappearances: Four Tunisian border guards are kidnapped by Libyan men in the border region of Ben Guerdane. Three escape soon after.

Political developments: The Tripoli Revolutionary Council says that it will close down the Egyptian embassy and shut down the border between the two countries should the country refuse to cut off the broadcasting of the Gadhafi-era state TV Al Jamahiriya.

Political developments: Former rebel militias demand 40% of the positions in the NTC at the end of a conference in Tripoli which included representatives from about 70% of all militias.

Human security: The UN says that about 3,500 migrants have arrived in Libya over the last weeks in search of jobs and an opportunity to move on to Europe. Most of them come from West African countries.

Military developments: The Libyan government says that former rebel fighters will be registered beginning January and will have to state if they want to join security or civil services or go back to civilian life.

Political developments: For the first time in 40 years Libya commemorates its independence from Italy and France, celebrating its 60^th anniversary.

Foreign relations: Visiting the western mountain area, UN top envoy Ian Martin calls for a greater role of the civil society in Libya’s transition process and discusses the support UN institutions can offer during the transition process. 

Economic developments: Libya says it is now pumping over one million barrels of oil a day and will reach pre-conflict levels in about six months.

Foreign relations/Economic developments: The EU releases all assets of the Libyan Central Bank and the Libyan Foreign Bank.

Human security: Human Rights Watch expresses its concern about 8,500 detainees held by militias in Libya outside the control of the government and urges the NTC to act on this as well as speed up judicial reforms. While acknowledging improvements, HRW urges the government to initiate investigations into prisoner abuses by militiamen.

Political developments: Libya’s interim President asks that former rebel fighters compile a list of possible candidates that will represent them in the NTC. He also asks for a shortlist of candidates for the commander-in-chief of the new national army that will have to come from the old army ‘because of the military nature of the position’. 

Foreign relations/Human security: The UN panel tasked with investigating human rights abuses during the uprising in Libya says that it is encouraged by the initial steps taken by the Libyan government. The panel visited Libya between the 31 November and 16 December and will return in January 2012.

Political developments/Economic developments: The Libyan government says that it will review all contracts signed between international companies and the Gadhafi government to ensure transparency and the best interest of Libya.

Foreign relations: In a letter to Aisha Gadhafi’s lawyer, the ICC says that it will review Libya’s investigation into the death of Muhammad Gadhafi but its future steps will depend on the Libyan government’s willingness to pursue the investigation.  

Political developments: In a u-turn move, the head of Tripoli’s military council, Abdelhakim Belhaj, takes legal action against the UK for what he saus what over the country’s involvement in his rendition and torture in 2004. 

Human security: NATO acknowledges that its bombings in Libya killed civilians and says that it regrets any loss of life. The organisation says it is in contact with Libyan authorities to take measures in those cases. It also says that the responsibility to start investigations into the incidents lies with the Libyan government. The New York Times says that while there is clear evidence for several civilian casualties, NATO also tried to avoid those casualties and did not target certain civilian infrastructures such as power grids.

Political developments: The commander of the Zintan Brigade occupying the Tripoli airport says that his fighters will not join the army before there have been elections and that his brigade guarantees the freedom of the airport. 

Foreign relations: In response to a request from the Libyan government, the United Nations Security Council orders the unfreezing of the assets of the Libyan Central bank and the Libyan Foreign Bank, amounting to about £26 billion. The US says it has released another £19 billion. Meanwhile, the Libyan government demands that the international community releases £102 billion of assets frozen in sanctions against Gadhafi, saying that the money is needed for reconstruction and to help the families of 25,000 fighters killed during the uprising.

Foreign relations: The ICC’s chief prosecutor Moreno-Ocampo says that the killing of Mohammad Gadhafi might constitute a war crime.

Foreign relations: The Secretary General of the Organisation of Islamic States Ekmelddin Ihsangulu visits Libya for two days. He expresses his support for the new Libyan government and discusses the future of cooperation between the organisation and the country with Libya’s leadership.

Law enforcement: After a two week closure, the Ras Jdir border crossing between Tunisia and Libya is reopened, after Libya interior ministry sent forces to secure the area on its side of the border.

Human security: Human Rights Watch estimates about 50 civilian casualties due to NATO bombings and asks NATO to investigate the incidents and consider compensations. Libya’s UN envoy Ibrahim Dabbashi estimates 40,000 people were killed during the uprising and says that an investigation into the incidents is unnecessary calling civilian casualties unavoidable in war. 

Human security: The UN and the Joint Mine Action Coordination Team (JMACT) launch an appeal saying that crucial demining activity will have to be limited unless donors provide more funding. So far 100,000 pieces of ammunition have been cleared.

Human security: Citizens of the city of Tawarga address representatives from the UN and human right groups in a refugee camp in Tripoli, saying that ex-rebel militias prevent them from returning home. People from Misrata say that Tawargans participated in atrocities that took place in Misrata and that because of this the Tawargans are not allowed to return. Tawargans are spread over several refugee camps all over Libya. The UNHCR says it is monitoring the situation but that a return is not possible yet due to security reasons.

Foreign relations: The Libyan government says it has reservations about some points of the 2008 friendship treaty between Italy and Libya and hence it will have to be reviewed by the two countries. Nevertheless, the two countries say that the treaty will be revived after it was suspended in February.  

Political developments: Libya’s interim President Jalil says that a national army and police will be in place within the next 100 days and that the government’s ministries will be spread over several cities all over the country, to decentralise national authority. Benghazi will become the economic centre with the economic and oil ministries located there. Another 50 local councils and administrative offices will be created. Jalil asks for the public’s patience and has promised to take measure for greater transparency.

Political developments: The head of Libya’s western military council Mokhtar Fernana says that his militias will only withdraw from Tripoli, when a new army is formed, because only the militias are securing stability in the capital.

Civil unrest: Several thousand people in Benghazi protest demanding greater transparency and justice. They demand to know the names of all NTC members and criticise remarks by the Libyan leadership that it is willing to forgive fighters that were loyal to Gadhafi. The protesters set up a tent city on the city’s main square.

Foreign relations: Libya has sent a new request to the UN to unfreeze the country’s funds that are still withheld from the Libyan government. The Libyan government says it needs those funds to pay wages and rebuild institutions.

Disarmament/Demobilisation/Reintegration: Launching a national reconciliation conference Libya’s interim President Mustafa Abdul Jalil says that the government is ready to forgive those that fought for Gadhafi. The conference is attended by delegates from Libya’s major tribes and representatives from Qatar and Tunisia.

Political developments: Saadi Gadhafi denies the existence of plans to smuggle him to Mexico.

Military developments: In response to protests in Tripoli, the Misrata military council has told its fighters to leave the city.

Civil unrest: Hundreds of people take to the streets of Tripoli to protest against anti-Gadhafi militias, still occupying checkpoints and buildings in the city, and demand that those militias from outside of the city leave. Judges and lawyers protest to demand the protection of the court system. 

Foreign relations: Mexico says it has foiled a plot by an international organized crime ring to smuggle Saadi Gadhafi from Niger to Mexico. Several culprits have been arrested.

Military developments: US AFRICOM’s Gen. Ham says that the USA is in discussions with the Libyan leadership over how it can help with the formation of a new national army.

Law enforcement: The head of Tripoli’s council says the city’s inhabitants have until the end of the month to hand in their weapons. Militias from outside of the city have time to leave until the 20 December and the Tripoli brigade will be dissolved at the end of the month. Militiamen can join the security forces or have to return to civilian life. Government road blocks will limit the movement of militias in the city.

Foreign relations: The ICC asks the Libyan government to reveal the whereabouts of Saif al-Islam and if the courts emissaries will be able to visit him.

Human security: Libyan forces intercept a ship with 420 illegal migrants off the North African coast on their way to Italy. Some of the migrants call it a set-up in which they first paid for the trip and are than detained by the accomplices of the traffickers. The Maltese coast guard picks up another ship during the night.

International aid: The Libyan government says that much of the money unfrozen in foreign countries has yet to arrive in Libya. Hence, aid agencies say, international donors need to provide funding for humanitarian operations in Libya to cover the period until those funds arrive. Meanwhile, international donors doubt the lack of funding but point to Libyan institutional problems and priorities set by the Libyan government as responsible for problems with funding humanitarian operations.

Political developments: The new Libyan defence minister Osama al-Juwali says that the forming of a new national army unifying the militias is his top priority.

Law enforcement: Libya says it is drafting plans to secure and reopen its border crossings with Tunisia while returning Libyans reports that they are robbed by Tunisians.   

Human security: The UN says that 63,000 IDPs have been registered in Libya and highlights the lack of funding for demining operations. Some refugee camps lack electricity, running water and command only limited basic health care.

Foreign relations: The UN extends their Libya mission for another three months. In addition to help with the drafting of a new constitution, the mission is now also supposed to help with curbing the proliferation of weapons in the country.

Foreign relations: Tunisia reportedly closes a second border crossing within two days following the shooting of a Tunisian border guard, when a Libyan gunman tries to enter Tunisia.

Law enforcement: The ICC begins an investigation into alleged sex crimes by Gadhafi troops during the uprising, concentrating on those that might have commanded them.

Human security: The ICRC says it has visited several hundred prisoners held by the new Libyan government and has provided humanitarian aid to some 30,000 people returning to Sirte as well as has cleared several hundred unexploded ammunition in Bani Walid and Sirte. Meanwhile, the UN urges donors to increase funding for mine-clearing operations.

Economic developments: Libya's interim Economy Minister Tahar Sharkass says his country has to diversify and ease the country's high reliance on oil exports. This includes measures to attract foreign investments.

Human security: The new government acknowledges that prisoners have been abused, but says the abuses are not systematic and that the government will tackle them.

Foreign relations: UN envoy Ian Martin says the most pressing tasks in Libya now are the consolidation of security and to counter weapons proliferation.

Political developments: About 250 Libyan Islamic leaders meet in Tripoli for a summit organised by the Ministry of Islamic Affairs. The conference demands that a future constitution is based on Islamic law, that the government mediates tribal tensions and disarms the militias, and speeds up the formation of a new national army.

Political developments/Demobilisation/Disarmament/Reintegration: Abdul Hakim Belhaj, the head Tripoli’s military council, one of the country’s biggest militias, says that he will be backing the new Libyan government despite the fact that he and his supporters did not receive any posts in the new cabinet. He is to work out a mechanism with the government for his troops to hand over their weapons to the government.

Foreign relations: Former prime minister al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmoudi loses his extradition appeal in Tunisia, and will thus be sent to Libya.

Civil unrest: About 100 women gather in Tripoli to press for assistance to rape victims of the conflict. In a separate incident, about 100 people block the departure of an airplane from Tripoli, in an effort to pressure the government into investigating a clash between an NTC militia and Gadhafi loyalists in Bani Walid last week.

Foreign relations: The NTC offers weapons and possibly volunteers to the Syrian rebels.

Civil unrest: About 200 people protest in Tripoli to demand justice for 15 soldiers killed by Gadhafi loyalists on 23 November. The attack reportedly took place near Bani Walid.

Economic developments: Libyan oil output has reportedly grown to 750,000 barrels per day, and the Zawiyah refinery has resumed full production.

Political developments: New Defence Minister Osama al-Juwali says there is no evidence that former intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi has been arrested, contradicting earlier reports.

Political developments: Ali Tarhouni, who was acting prime minister before al-Keib’s election, says that the NTC mainly represents the Libyan elites. While the new cabinet represents factions supported by foreign governments, 90% of the population are not represented, he says.

Foreign relations/Political developments: ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo says the court has received a formal pledge of cooperation from Libya. The prosecutor says he is satisfied with the guarantee, highlighting the important it is that members of the old regime face justice, but he also says that he will continue his investigation until the ICC decides that the trial could be held under Libyan jurisdiction.

Foreign relations: While affirming that Saif al-Islam can be tried in Libya if authorities cooperate with the ICC, the Chief Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo casts doubt on reports that former intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi was also arrested. The ICC issues a statement saying that the court’s judges, not the prosecutor, will decide if Libya can conduct the trial.

Human security: A UN report says that rebel-controlled detention centres in Libya hold about 7,000 people, including women and children, and that there have been reports of torture. In absence of a functional judicial system, the detainees have no access to a court. While some inroads have been made by the NTC to take control over the plethora of militias, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon says it has to act quickly to stop abuses and discrimination.

Foreign relations: ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo arrives in Tripoli for discussions on the fate of Saif al-Islam Gadhafi and Abdullah al-Senussi. Moreno-Ocampo says that the two can be tried in Libya, as long as the ICC is involved in the judicial proceedings. He notes the primacy of the national system over the international jurisdiction. Libyan authorities insist that they will be tried in Libya.

Human security: The ICRC says it has visited Saif al-Islam, and that he in good health.

Human security: The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) saysthat the situation in most conflict areas is returning to normal, and aid organisations are turning to long-term recovery programs. The return of IDPs to Bani Walid and Sirte is slow but steady. The population of Tawergha is still unable to return due to safety concerns.

Human security: The ICRC asks Libyan authorities to allow it to visit Saif al-Islam Gadhafi.

Foreign relations: The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navi Pillay, says that the capture of Saif al-Islam and former intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi are important for justice in Libya. She urges Libyan authorities to fully cooperate with the ICC.

Political developments: Fighters in Zintan say they need guarantees that a working court system is in place before handing over Saif al-Islam to the interim government. Prime Minister al-Keib says that Gadhafi will remain in Zintan for the time being, and that the ICC must allow him to be tried in Libya.

Human security: Human Rights Watch says that former Libyan intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi has to be treated properly and be transferred to the ICC.

Foreign relations: The ICC says Libya has a legal obligation to hand over Saif al-Islam. ICC’s chief prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo will travel to Libya to hold talks on the issue. EU Foreign Affairs Chief Catherine Ashton urges Libya to fully cooperate with the ICC, a demand echoed by Western leaders.

Human security: Human Rights Watch asks the interim government to hand Saif al-Islam over to the ICC in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1970, and ensure that he is treated properly.

Human security: The ICRC says 25% of Sirte’s inhabitants have returned to their homes, and together with the local Red Crescent it has delivered food and other supplies for over 10,000 people in Sirte.

Foreign relations: Libya is reinstated as a member of the UN Human Rights Council.

Military developments: Defected officers in the eastern city of al-Bayda name Khalifa Hafta chief of the new Libyan national army. The decision has to be approved by the NTC. A group of militia leaders refuses to accept Hafta’s nomination.

Political developments: Attending a military parade by the new national army, the head of the Tripoli Military Council, Abdel Hakim Belhaj, says he hopes that the composition of the new government will be respected.

The US says that the majority of looted MANPADs are still in Libya, but will have to be quickly secured before they can be smuggled outside the country.

Foreign relations: The UK sends a team to Libya to help destroy chemical weapons.

Civil unrest: People from the town of Warshefana near Tripoli gather in the capital to protest the labelling of their city as ‘pro-Gadhafi’, which they say has led to the recent fighting.

Foreign relations: The Arab League’s (AL) Secretary General Nabil al-Araby visits Tripoli, and says that the AL and Libya have come to an agreement on the organisation’s role in reconstructing the country.

Human security: Doctors at the Tripoli Central Hospital say hundreds of their colleagues have stayed away from work since yesterday due to harassment by armed groups.

Foreign relations: Visiting Tripoli, EU Foreign Affairs chief Catherine Ashton officially opens the EU mission there. She also calls on Libya to ensure gender equality as the country democratises.

Political developments: Libya’s former Prime Minister al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmoudi applies for UN political refugee status to avoid extradition to Libya. Mustafa Abdel Jalil has guaranteed his security in Libya.

Economic developments: Oil production in Libya is growing faster than expected, according to Oil Minister Ali Tarhouni. He says production could reach 700,000 barrels per day by the end of the year.

Economic developments: The outgoing Libyan Finance Minister Ali Tarhouni says that the coming interim government will not take any major economic decisions. He also says that Libya is now producing about 570,000 barrels of oil a day. He adds that the interim government prefers a successive release of frozen funds, since monitoring and controlling such large sums is a big challenge. Meanwhile, the Libyan sovereign wealth fund, the Libyan Investment Authority, says that some of its money will be used for reconstruction projects.

Foreign relations: ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo says it is only a matter of time before Saif al-Islam is arrested, and that he has credible evidence that systematic rape was used to suppress the uprising in Libya.

Civil unrest/Political developments: Fighters protest in front of the finance ministry in Tripoli, demanding jobs. Prime Minister al-Keib says there will be programmes to incorporate fighters into the security services of civil society institutions. He also emphasises the government’s limited resources.

Human security: Human Rights Watch (HRW) says al-Mahmoudi is at risk of torture should Tunisia extradite him to Libya. HRW says the NTC lacks control over Libya’s prison system.

Foreign relations: The UN envoy to Libya, Ian Martin, says there is an urgent need to secure weapons not yet looted from depots in Libya. Martin also says that the NTC has tried to deal with the problem of prisoner mistreatment but that it has to do more and react faster.

Political developments: The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) says that Libyan stockpiles of chemical weapons are intact and were not looted during the civil war. The organisation says it has inspected the facilities.

Human security: The ICRC says it has found 400 bodies in Sirte in the past two weeks.

Economic developments: The Central Bank of Libya says that only $1.5 billion out of $170bn Libyan assets abroad have been unfrozen, and that the country is facing a liquidity crisis due to the delayed arrival of new banknotes. The bank also urges an overhaul of the banking sector, according to a road map laid out by the IMF and the World Bank.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon visits Tripoli, saying that the UN will support Libya’s democratic transition, but Libya has to curb weapons proliferation. Libya’s interim leader Mustafa Abdel Jalil asks the international community to unfreeze Libyan assets to help finance disarmament and weapons control programmes.

Political developments: Saadi Gadhafi asks INTERPOL to revoke his international arrest warrant, saying Libyan authorities will not be able to provide a fair trial.

Foreign relations/Military developments: NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen visits Tripoli. Marking the end of NATO operations in Libya, he says he is proud of the alliance’s intervention during the civil war. Official foreign operations in Libya end at 23:59 local time.

Foreign relations: The UN Security Council urges the NTC to find MANPADs looted from Libyan armouries and to cooperate with the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to destroy any chemical weapons found. The council also reminds UN states that the arms embargo against Libya is still intact.

Political developments: Responding to an HRW report about human-rights violations in Tawergha, the NTC says that there will be an investigation should the report be valid.

ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo says he has substantial evidence that implicates Saif al-Islam in attacks against civilians and the hiring of mercenaries. Saif al-Islam has made inquiries over the legal proceeding of the ICC.

Political developments: Outgoing Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril says the timetable for elections should be speeded up to avoid a political vacuum.

Human security: Human Rights Watch (HRW) says that militias from Misrata have forced the entire population of nearby Tawergha, a town of 30,000 people, to leave their homes. Most houses have been ransacked and looting is widespread. HRW has collected reports of arbitrary shootings and abuses against the city’s population, and fighters have reportedly said that the population will not be allowed to return. HRW urges the NTC to intervene. Similar events may be taking place in the Nafusa Mountains, where the Mushashya tribe has been targeted for siding with Gadhafi.

Foreign relations: American officials arrive in Niger’s northern Agadez province and hold talks with regional officials.

Political developments: Controversy is sparked by the hoisting of a black flag, resembling the one used by al-Qaeda, over the courthouse in Benghazi.

Civil unrest/Human security: A group of 100 people demonstrate in Tripoli, saying that their villages in the south of Libya are under constant attack by pro-Gadhafi mercenaries.

Civil unrest: Hundreds protest in Benghazi, urging the NTC to appeal to Iraq about the execution of Libyan foreign fighters.

International aid: More than 20 fighters wounded in the Libyan civil war are flown to the United States for medical treatment. The Temporary Financing Mechanism says six more cases will be treated in Germany.

Law enforcement: The ICC says that informal contacts have been made with Saif al-Islam Gadhafi regarding his possible surrender to the court. Reportedly, mercenaries are offering to transport Saif al-Islam to a friendly African country, and the court is looking into the possibility of intercepting a plane used for this purpose. Meanwhile, the president of Niger’s northern Agadez province says he would welcome Saif al-Islam, contrary to the Nigerien government which has said it will hand him over to the ICC.

Foreign relations: The UN Security Council decides to end the mandate for foreign operations in Libya on 31 October. The UN Resolution also expresses concern over weapons proliferation and human-rights violations in Libya.

Foreign relations/Human security: The US agrees to treat wounded NTC fighter in American hospitals after a request from the NTC.

Foreign relations: UN envoy Ian Martin tells the UN Security Council that unknown chemical weapon sites have been discovered in Libya. He also says international inspectors need to visit several hundred weapons sites in Libya, emphasising fears over looted MANPADs. The NTC says it has secured the chemical weapons stocks.

Foreign relations: Qatar says that hundreds of its troops fought alongside the Libyan rebels. Sudan says it helped arm the rebels.

Political developments: Mustafa Abdel Jalil arrives in Qatar for the first international planning conference on Libya after Gadhafi’s death.

Foreign relations: The ICC says Niger is obliged to hand over fugitives such as Saif al-Islam, should they take refuge there.

Economic developments: The IMF estimates that Libya’s economic output this year will be halved due to the civil war, but it has not received a request for financial aid.

Amid mounting international pressure, the NTC vows to conduct an investigation into the death of Col. Gadhafi, his son Mutassim, and the former Libyan defence minister. Mustafa Abdel Jalil suggests that the former leader may have been shot by loyalists out of fear he might implicate them in atrocities. The NTC also says Saif al-Islam is about to flee to Niger.

Foreign relations: Human Rights Watch repeats its concerns over unsecured weapons in Libyan armouries that could threaten civilian aviation and populations in the future.

Human Rights Watch demands an investigation into the deaths of 53 people found after the fall of Sirte that seem to have been executed.

Political developments: Responding to international criticism over his speech a day earlier, Mustafa Abdel Jalil says that Libya will be a moderate Islamic country.

Military developments: NTC forces say they surround the suspected hideout of Saif al-Islam south of Bani Walid.

Political developments: TV footage shows Col. Gadhafi’s son Mutassim alive after being arrested by NTC fighters. The circumstances of his death are unclear.

International aid: The EU urges the NTC to prepare for free and fair elections and offers support for the reconstruction of the country. Meanwhile, Switzerland offers to help disarm the Libyan population, reform the security services and clear mines.

Human security: At least 53 bodies of former Gadhafi officials and regime loyalists are found in Sirte, seemingly executed.

Col. Gadhafi’s body is requested by his family for burial, but it is publicly displayed in Misrata.

Political developments: Intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi, earlier reported dead and wanted by the International Criminal Court, is reported to be in Niger.

Foreign relations: China says the NTC should start an inclusive transition process after the death of Col. Gadhafi.

Civil unrest: Thousand take to the streets of Libya celebrating the death of Muammar Gadhafi.

Human security: The ICRC says that mass graves are being uncovered across Libya, including near hospitals and roads.

Foreign relations/International aid: US Secretary of State Clinton visits Tripoli to hold talks with the NTC leadership. Clinton emphasises the importance of unifying the rebel militias under a civilian government, and offers an $11 million aid package.

Foreign relations/Non-state armed groups: Tuareg returning from fighting for Col. Gadhafi in Libya have joined the newly formed National Movement for the Liberation of the Azawad in northern Mali.

Foreign relations: British Foreign Minister William Hague reopens the UK Embassy in Tripoli and meets with NTC Chairman Jalil.

Political developments: The Syrian TV station Al-Rai, which has acted as a communication channel for Col. Gadhafi, says that his son Khamis and intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi were killed in fighting outside Tripoli on 29 August.

Human security: Residents returning to Sirte complain about widespread looting by NTC forces.

International aid: The emergency fund set up by international donor countries earlier this year says its mandate is to invest in long-term projects in Libya, not providing money for humanitarian relief. The fund is said to hold about $500 million.

Human security: Aid workers in Sirte say large parts of the city have been destroyed in the fighting. Meanwhile, the ICRC evacuates 40 patients from the city’s Ibn Sina hospital.

Military developments/Foreign relations: The US is sending unarmed civilian contractors to secure and decommission MANPADs in Libya, part of a $30 million programme to secure Libya’s conventional weapons arsenal. US officials say terrorist groups have shown interest in procuring such weapons systems. This comes admit a report that Egypt has seized MANPADs from Libya in the Sinai.

Human security: The UN says that more than 7,000 people are held in makeshift detention facilities in Libya. Due to a lack of formal detention procedures, the likelihood of abuse is high.

Political developments/Economic developments: The NTC says it will review existing oil contracts for corruption, and that there will be no new contracts until a new government is formed. Reports of when Libya’s oil production will reach pre-revolution levels are conflicted, but gas exports to Italy have been resumed.

Political developments: The NTC and NATO agree to open Libyan airspace for international civilian flights and some domestic flights. Meanwhile, the NTC says it owes $890 million for fuels delivered to them during the war.

Human security: A medical NGO visiting Sirte’s Ibn Sina hospital says it is almost dysfunctional, and the ICRC says that thousands of people are still trapped inside the city without sufficient food, water and other basic commodities. Meanwhile, Amnesty International calls upon authorities to halt arbitrary arrests and prisoners abuse. The organisation releases a report criticising the treatment of prisoners by the NTC, which is holding over 2,500 people. The NTC promises to investigate the report. There have also been several reports of looting in Sirte.

Foreign relations: Germany says it will treat 150 wounded Libyans in Germany, and assist with medical supplies and the restructuring of Libya’s education system.

Political developments: The NTC confirms that Gadhafi’s son Mutassim has been arrested in Sirte.

There are reports that Salafis have damaged and destroyed several gravestones around Tripoli, and on one occasion clashed with a local militia. The NTC has denounced the Salafis.

Foreign relations: The NTC warns Qatar not to directly provide weapons and money to militias in Libya.

Tunisia and the NTC say they are to improve border security between the two countries.

Political developments: Libyan authorities start an investigation into Saadi Gadhafi’s alleged involvement in the death of a former Libyan national football player in 2005.

Insurgency/Non-state armed groups: Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri urges Libyans to establish an Islamic state.

Insurgency/Non-state armed groups: A group of 200-300 gunmen destroy the tombs of two imams in Tripoli.

Political developments: The NTC takes over Libya’s main airport near Tripoli from a regional militia. Meanwhile, the interim government has sent text messages to anti-Gadhafi fighters urging them to report to military bases and join the national army.

Foreign relations: The NTC recognises the Syrian National Council as the sole legitimate government of Syria.

The UK says it has helped to decommission several MANPADs in Libya. Meanwhile, the EU expresses concern over the proliferation of conventional weapons within the country, and asks the interim government to continue guaranteeing the safety of any chemical weapons found.

Human security: The ICRC says it is trying to evacuate patients from the Ibn Sina hospital in Sirte, but cannot find a Libyan hospital willing to take the evacuees.

Civil unrest: Workers protesting at the offices of Libya’s National Oil Company say that they will strike as long as the company’s management has not been replaced.

Foreign relations: Britain says NATO will continue operations as long as the former Libyan regime is a threat to the civilian population.

Human security: Interim leader Mustafa Abdel Jalil calls on the international community to accept wounded Libyans for medical treatment.

Foreign relations: The UN says that NTC troops have to refrain from reprisals against the population of Sirte should the city fall.

Political developments: Col. Gadhafi issues an audio statement urging the Libyan population to rise up against the NTC and describing the rebel leadership as a puppet of NATO.

The NTC acknowledges that its troops have committed abuses during the civil war, but that these were individual cases, not systematic.

Law enforcement: The NTC says it is setting up an internal security agency with the main task to hunt down Col. Gadhafi, suspected of being in the south of the country.

Foreign relations: NATO says it will continue operations as long as the NTC cannot guarantee the civilian population’s safety, but it predicts a quick end to the intervention.

Humanitarian security: The Libyan Red Cross delivers medical supplies to a hospital in Sirte. According to the organisation, only three doctors are left in the city’s Ibn Sina hospital.

Economic developments: The Libyan representatives of ENI, the Italian energy company, says the facilities of the company’s biggest oil field are severely damaged, while its two smaller fields are producing 30% below the normal level. Meanwhile, Libya’s National Oil Cooperation (NOC) is asking international oil companies to pay bills worth $6 billion that were not paid due to UN sanctions.

Human security: Militias in Tripoli say they have found two mass graves, one containing 200 bodies and one with 700 bodies. While the identity of the victims remains unclear, they are said to have been killed during the NTC capture of the capital.

Military developments: The first 500 graduates of the new Libyan National Army’s training programme parade in Tripoli.

US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta says NATO operations in Libya will most likely continue as long as there is fighting.

Foreign relations: Western diplomats say that Qatar is interfering with Libyan internal affairs by backing certain factions and individuals, especially the head of Tripoli’s Military Council, Abdul Hakim Belhaj.

The head of the Tripoli Military Council, Abdel Hakim Belhaj, calls on militias still in Tripoli to hand in their weapons and leave the city.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents: NTC forces say they have started a new offensive and gained ground around Sirte. Inhabitants continue to leave the city.

Military developments: NATO expresses concerns over the possible loss of 10,000 MANPADs/missiles in Libya.

International aid: The IOM begins to evacuate 1,200 African migrants from the city of Sabha to Chad. Fighting has stopped ICRC aid operations in Sirte.

Insurgency/Non-state armed groups: Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb urges the Libyan people to establish an Islamic regime in Libya, and says that the success of the uprising will inspire an uprising in Algeria.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents: Berber and Arab fighters that fought for the NTC clash in the Nalut Mountains, leaving three dead, in what appears to be an ethnic conflict that has also spread to Tripoli. The NTC says it is working to keep feuds under control.

Military developments: The creation of a new armed group supposed to keep order in Tripoli is announced. The move sparks fears of tensions between revolutionary militias, since the mandate overlaps with objectives of the existing Military Council.

Political developments: Saadi Gadhafi denies allegations of corruption and intimidation, and calls INTERPOL’s warrant a political decision.

International aid: The ICRC says that the medical situation in Sirte has become unsustainable due to the lack of medical supplies, fuel and clean water.

Human security: While the NTC is observing a two-day truce, scores of people leave Sirte. Meanwhile, the ICRC reports attacks on a hospital in the city and there is little food and no electricity in the city.

International aid: The ICRC says it has been able to bring medical supplies and medical personal into the besieged city of Sirte.

Foreign relations/Political development: Niger says the NTC can question Saadi Gadhafi in Niger, but that it will not extradite him to Libya soon. Meanwhile, Gadhafi spokesperson Moussa Ibrahim denies reports that he has been arrested.

Human security: While Gadhafi loyalists say NATO bombings and NTC artillery fire kills civilians in Sirte, NATO and the NTC say Gadhafi’s fighters in the city are executing people they believe to be against them.

Foreign relations: Italy’s Foreign Minister Frattini visits Tripoli and says that Italy has unfrozen €2.5bn in Libyan assets.

Law enforcement/Foreign relations: Tunisia says it has received a request to extradite al-Baghdadi al-Mahmoudi to Libya and hence holds him in detention.

Human security: Human Rights Watch calls upon the NTC to stop armed groups from rounding up suspected Gadhafi loyalists and abusing them.

Political developments: Interim Prime Minister Jibril says that the formation of a new government has been suspended until the last cities loyal to Gadhafi are captured.

Law enforcement: Interpol puts Saadi Gadhafi, who has fled to Niger, on its wanted list. The organisation says he is wanted in Libya for misappropriating property and engaging in armed intimidation.

Foreign relations: US Senator John McCain leads a congressional delegation to Libya that visits Tripoli and meets with NTC officials. McCain says that the interim government should bring all armed groups under its control.

Political developments: Former Libyan Prime Minister al-Baghdadi al-Mahmoudi says he is on a hunger strike to protest his continued detention after a conviction for illegally entering Tunisia was overruled.

Human security: The UN says it sends supplies to the people that have fled Sirte due to the continued fighting in the city, and the NTC has asked the international body to provide fuel for ambulances. So far, aid workers have been unable to enter both Sirte and Bani Walid. About 20,000 people are said to have left Sirte.

Human security: NTC authorities say they find another mass grave near the Rixos Hotel in Tripoli.

Political developments: NTC commanders and tribal elders from Sirte are trying to negotiate a truce to allow families to leave the city.

Political developments: After statements in support of her father last week, Algerian authorities warn Col. Gadhafi’s daughter Aisha from involving herself in politics. Meanwhile, the Syrian TV station al-Rai broadcasts footage of Saif al-Islam rallying troops, supposedly shot one week ago.

Political developments: The NTC sends 20m Dinar to Sabha to bolster support for the interim government.

Law enforcement/Foreign relations: A Tunisian appeals court overturns charges against former Libyan Prime Minister al-Baghdadi al-Mahmoudi that would have led to him being jailed for six months.

Economic developments/Civil unrest: The NTC says it has started exporting crude oil again. Meanwhile, oil workers gather in Tripoli to protest the failure of the National Oil Company to break with its past and hire qualified managers.

Foreign relations: Libya’s interim Prime Minister Jibril addresses the UN Security Council, saying that while sanctions against his country should be lifted, foreign operations have to continue until no more civilians are killed by Gadhafi loyalists. He says Gadhafi could still destabilise the region.

Human security: The ICRC expresses concern over the situation of the civilian population in Bani Walid and Sirte, where food and medical supplies are running short. The UN is unable to distribute supplies there due to the fighting. NTC troops say Gadhafi loyalists are keeping civilians in the cities as human shields.

Economic developments: The Italian oil company Eni, the biggest foreign investor during the Gadhafi era, resumes operations in Libya.

Political developments: The NTC says it abolishes the exceptional courts that were used by the Gadhafi government to prosecute dissidents.

Foreign relations: Libya’s interim Prime Minister Jibril addresses the UN Security Council, saying that while sanctions against his country should be lifted, foreign operations have to continue until no more civilians are killed by Gadhafi loyalists. He says Gadhafi could still destabilise the region.

Human security: The ICRC expresses concern over the situation of the civilian population in Bani Walid and Sirte, where food and medical supplies are running short. The UN is unable to distribute supplies there due to the fighting. NTC troops say Gadhafi loyalists are keeping civilians in the cities as human shields.

Economic developments: The Italian oil company Eni, the biggest foreign investor during the Gadhafi era, resumes operations in Libya.

Political developments: The NTC says it abolishes the exceptional courts that were used by the Gadhafi government to prosecute dissidents.

Foreign relations: Libya’s interim Prime Minister Jibril for the first time addresses the United Nations, calling upon its members to lift the sanctions against Libya and vows a change in his country’s foreign policy after the end of the Gadhafi era.

Political developments: The NTC says it has found internationally banned weapons near Sabha and will seek domestic and international help to demolish them.

Military developments: The NTC says it is in full control of most of the al-Yufrah oasis and Sabha, and has lost 29 fighters in the final push. Near Sirte, NTC commanders say they have postponed operations to pile up ammunition, while others say they give more time to civilians to leave the area.

Foreign relations: Algeria recognises the NTC and Tunisia jails former Libyan Prime Minister al-Baghdadi al-Mahmoudi for illegal entry.

Foreign relations: The IAEA confirms reports of radioactive yellowcake stored near Sabha and says that it will undertake safeguard operations as soon as the situation in Libya is stable enough.

Foreign relations: The US officially reopens its embassy in Tripoli.

Military developments: Fighters in Sirte say their efforts are hampered by a lack of ammunition.

Foreign relations: President Obama meets with NTC chairman Jalil and says the US Embassy in Tripoli will be opened soon while the US will support the interim government. Several other nations pledge their support during a meeting at the UN concerning Libya.

Political developments: Libya’s interim Prime Minister Jibril says that he expects a new government within the next ten days.

Foreign relations: The African Union recognises the NTC as Libya’s legitimate government.

Law enforcement: NTC forces arrest four men in Tripoli suspected of planning a bomb campaign against the new government.

Military developments: NATO extends its Libya operations for another 90 days.

Political developments: Syrian al-Rai TV station airs an address by Col. Gadhafi, denouncing the new Libyan leadership and predicts its quick downfall once NATO operations are stopped.

Military developments: Human Rights Watch says weapons looted from Libyan arms depots pose a grave danger to the post-conflict situation in Libya and the stability in the wider region.

Political developments: The NTC says that it will treat foreigners suspected of having been mercenaries for the Gadhafi government well, and denies reports of systematic abuses of Libyans with dark skin and African immigrants.

Foreign relations: Niger repeats its plea to the international community for help in countering a potentially destabilising post-Gadhafi aftermath.

Human security/International aid: Amnesty International criticises the EU response to the refugee crisis caused by the Libya conflict, and calls upon the organisation to open its borders to sub-Saharan refugees.

Civil unrest: Protesters gather in Tripoli to demand better treatment for wounded fighters. It is the first protest critical of the NTC in Tripoli, but participants also emphasise the new freedom to do so.

Political developments: The NTC postpones the announcement of a new cabinet.

Political developments: Islamist leader Abdel Hakim Belhaj, Tripoli’s military commander, says that he wants a civilian democratic government for Libya.

Economic developments: Tripoli’s port resumes operations. Authorities also say that the city’s airport is ready for operations again.

Gadhafi spokesperson Moussa Ibrahim says NATO has destroyed a residential compound in the Sirte, killing 354 people. NATO says there is no indication it happened.

NTC troops have pulled back in Bani Walid, while NTC commanders say they capture an army base 70km north of Sabha leaving two NTC troops and four Gadhafi loyalists dead.

Foreign relations: Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan visits Tripoli.

Foreign relations: Niger says Libyan refugees are threatening the stability of the country, and asks for international help. Regarding Saadi Gadhafi, Niger says that it will not send him back to Libya since he has no chance for a fair trial there, but indicates that he would be handed over to the ICC.

Political developments: Gadhafi’s spokesperson Moussa Ibrahim says that the visit of President Sarkozy and Prime Minister Cameron is the beginning of the colonisation of Libya.

Foreign relations: The UN General Assembly votes in favour of giving the Libyan UN seat to the NTC. The resolution also lifts several sanctions. Additionally, an UN support mission to Libya is established.

Law enforcement: The US issues a warning to oil companies operating in North Africa about a potential al-Qaida attack using MANPADS and RPGs acquired from Libya.

Human security: Inhabitants are still fleeing Bani Walid due to fighting.

Foreign relations: French President Sarkozy and British Prime Minister Cameron meet NTC members in Tripoli. They pledge economic and political support, and to continue NATO operations for as long as necessary.

Foreign relations: Niger, reacting to an NTC request to France to secure the return of Gadhafi loyalists from Niger, says France should not interfere in its relations with Libya.

Political developments: NTC officials say the council will remain in Benghazi until all Gadhafi loyalist towns have been captured, contradicting earlier statements that the body will move to Tripoli soon.

Political developments: Gadhafi spokesperson Moussa Ibrahim says Col. Gadhafi is still in Libya. Meanwhile, a Syrian TV station reads out a message from Col. Gadhafi asking the UN to stop NATO from committing crimes against the city of Sirte.

Foreign relations: Niger calls for international help to secure its border against arms smuggling from Libya.

Foreign relations: The EU expresses its concern over reports of human-rights violations in Libya, noting discrimination against African immigrants and dark-skinned Libyans.

Human security: The ICRC says at least 13 mass graves have been found in Libya over the past three weeks, containing at least 125 bodies.

Human security: Amnesty International says that while most of the human-rights violations during the uprising were committed by Gadhafi loyalists, rebel fighters have also been involved in torture and revenge killings. The organisation calls on the NTC to take steps against violence and xenophobia.

Law enforcement: The NTC says that several high ranking Gadhafi officials have been arrested in the past couple of days, including former head of the central bank and finance minister Abdel Hafid Zlitni and the former speaker of parliament Mohammed Zwei.

Political developments: The NTC says it will investigate reports of war crimes committed by its troops.

Foreign relations: The World Bank recognises the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya and says it has been asked to help revive basic services and develop jobs programs.

Foreign relations: Canada frees $2.2bn of Libyan assets.

Economic developments: Oil production in Libya has reached an output of 160,000 barrels per day.

Political developments: NTC chairman Jalil addresses a crowd of 10,000 people in Tripoli, saying that Libya shall be a democratic state based on Islamic law. The main issue addressed is reconciliation.

Foreign relations: China recognises the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya.

Foreign relations: Niger detains Col. Gahdafi’s son Saadi, but is yet to decide what to do with him.

Foreign relations: NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen says the alliance will continue its operations in Libya as long as the threat to civilians persists.

Foreign relations: Austria is authorised by the UN Sanctions Committee to release €150m in frozen Libyan assets to the NTC.

Law enforcement: Col. Gadhafi’s foreign intelligence chief, Bouzaid Dorda, is arrested in Tripoli.

Political developments: Niger says Gadhafi’s son Saadi has arrived in Niger.

Economic developments: The NTC says it has restarted oil production.

Human security: The UN says it has received reports from Sirte saying that there is no water and electricity in the city.

Human security: NTC forces find a mass grave with 20 bodies on the outskirts of Tripoli. Locals say they are the remains of African mercenaries fighting for Gadhafi killed on 22 August.

Foreign relations: Guinea Bissau says it would grant exile to Col. Gadhafi if requested.

Political developments: NTC Chairman Mustafa Abdel Jalil makes his first appearance in Tripoli since the beginning of the uprisings.

Foreign relations: The IMF recognises the NTC as Libya’s government.

Economic developments: The Libyan Central Bank says the Gadhafi government sold about 20% of the country’s gold reserves to cover salaries during the uprisings.

Civil unrest: Highlighting discord over the NTC’s transition plan, protesters march in Benghazi. A number of opposition groups have presented a memorandum to the NTC suggesting that an interim government rule until the first election. The NTC’s plan suggests three changes in government until then. Meanwhile, thousands attend a sermon in Tripoli’s Martyr Square.

Foreign relations: In response to a request by the NTC, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asks the Security Council to authorise a political mission to Libya to help with post-conflict issues.

Foreign relations: The Netherlands is authorised by the UN Sanctions Committee to release £1.25bn in frozen Libyan assets to the NTC.

Political developments: Another group of senior Gadhafi government officials arrives in Niger. Niger says it will honour its commitments under the ICC statutes it has signed.

Law enforcement: Acting on a request by the ICC’s Chief Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo, INTERPOL issues a ‘red notice’ – requesting states to arrest and extradite – for Col. Gadhafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and former intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi.

Military developments: Reports saying that the Gadhafi government has sent gas masks and hazard suits to cities still under its control just prior to the fall of Tripoli spark fears that its troops could use chemical weapons as a last resort to stop advancing NTC forces.

Political developments: The head of NTC’s executive committee, Mahmoud Jibril, makes his first appearance in Tripoli since the beginning of the uprisings amid contradicting reports of the time frame for the transfer of the body from Beghazi to the capital and quarrels between rebel factions.

Foreign relations: Niger’s Foreign Minister Mohamed Bazoum says officials of his country were among at least three convoys that have recently arrived from Libya, but that neither Col. Gadhafi nor his sons have entered Niger. While Bazoum says that the border with Libya is too long to close off, he says that senior Gadhafi officials will be allowed to stay in the country or proceed to Burkina Faso.

Political developments: In an audio address broadcast by a Syrian TV station, Gadhafi says reports he could have fled to Niger are false.

Human security: The NTC’s interim health minister says that at least 30,000 people have been killed in the conflict, with another 4,000 people missing. Officials say NTC forces continue to find mass graves.

Economic developments: In a move to assure international business partners, the NTC vows to honour all bank contracts and licenses from the Gadhafi era.

Military developments: The NTC reinforces its troops around Bani Walid, after reports that Col. Gadhafi has issued a call for loyalists within the city to resist. Negotiations seem to be stalled over discord among local leaders and Gadhafi loyalists in the city.

Foreign relations: While reports on their whereabouts are highly conflicted, the governments of Niger and Burkina Faso insist that neither Col. Gadhafi’s sons nor the former Libyan leader himself are on their territory.

Foreign relations: US officials urge Niger to detain senior Gadhafi officials that may have entered the country, and seize Libyan state property they may have with them. The size and actual existence of a convoy are disputed however.

Human security: The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) says 1,200 African migrants are stuck in the southern city of Sabha, where they have fled from fighting in the rest of the country, suffering from a lack of supplies of food and water. The IOM urges all sides to ensure that they are not harmed.

The NTC says it is sure now that Col. Gadhafi’ son Khamis was killed in an ambush on his way to Bani Walid a few days ago. It says that his brother Muhammad was also killed.

A convoy of high-ranking security officials loyal to Col. Gadhafi arrives in Niger. NTC officials say the convoy is transporting gold and cash, while Niger officials say Col. Gadhafi is not in it. Meanwhile, Burkina Faso denies reports that it has offered asylum to Gadhafi.

Gadhafi’s son Saadi says his brother Saif al-Islam is responsible for the breakdown of negotiations over Sirte, blaming his aggressive rhetoric.

Foreign relations: Beijing confirms reports that the Gadhafi government held talks with Chinese companies over the supply of weapons during the uprising, but says no deliveries took place and that the Chinese government will investigate the issue.

The UK reopens its embassy in Tripoli.

Human security: Rebel officials say they have restored the water supply system in Tripoli.

Political developments: NTC commanders say negotiations over the surrender of Bani Walid collapse, while talks with Gadhafi loyalists in Sirte are still ongoing.

Military developments: The NTC says that it will train 3,000 rebel fighters for police and national security services. The scheme is also open to former Gadhafi fighters.

Foreign relations: The UN says the NTC needs to take control of small arms proliferation in Libya, to establish proper police and military forces to replace the plethora of rebel militias, and start a democratic transition.

Human security: While NTC officials urge their fighters to abstain from revenge attacks and treat prisoners well, observers criticise the treatment of Africans by rebels. The idea of foreign mercenaries is widespread among rebels and has lead to the arrests of many migrant labourers. There are also reports of looting and general abuse of Africans.

The UN expresses concern over the humanitarian situation in territories still held by Gadhafi loyalists.

Political developments: Gadhafi government spokesperson Moussa Ibrahim says Saif al-Islam Gadhafi is meeting with tribal leaders to recapture Tripoli, and that Gadhafi loyalists still control many parts of the country.

Civil unrest: Thousands gather in Tripoli’s Martyrs’ Square to celebrate the fall of the Gadhafi government.

Foreign relations: The EU lifts sanctions against Libyan banks, oil companies and ports.

Law enforcement: Bulgarian police storms the Libyan embassy in Sofia, forcing out Gadhafi diplomats after an NTC-appointed ambassador arrives in the country.

Military developments: Rebels say they increase security in Misrata to prevent Gadhafi loyalists from infiltrating the city. Meanwhile, the NTC announces that it will begin dissolving rebel militias or incorporate them into regular security forces. The rebel leadership has started efforts to register weapons held by fighters.

Human security: The ICRC calls upon all sides to allow the organisation to transport aid into Sirte.

The NTC says Libya’s schools will be reopened on 17 September.

The UN says the water situation in Tripoli and the surrounding areas is problematic but not critical, while measures have been taken to increase the supply.

Military developments: NTC forces hold their positions around Bani Walid, cutting the city off from supplies. Rebel commanders say that Col. Gadhafi is in the city.

Political developments: In a speech broadcast on TV, Col. Gadhafi urges the Libyan people to continue fighting the NTC.

Col. Gadhafi’s Prime Minister al-Bagdhadi al-Mahmoudi says he is supporting the NTC, and is in contact with it.

Foreign relations: Russia recognises the NTC as the government of Libya.

Representatives of 60 governments and international institutions meet NTC members in Paris and prepare to hand over $15bn of Gadhafi’s foreign assets to the rebel leadership. NTC head Jalil also meets UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Jalil criticises Algeria for hosting parts of Gadhafi’s family.

Military developments: The NTC says that Gadhafi forces in Sirte have until 3 September to surrender the city.

Political developments: While Gadhafi’s son Saif al-Islam vows to continue resistance against the NTC, his brother Saadi says he has contacted the rebel leadership to try and end the fighting. The rebel leadership says Saadi wants to surrender, but he denies this.

Political developments: Foreign Minister Abdul Ati al-Obeidi is arrested outside Tripoli.

Economic developments: Britain flies $1.55 billion in newly printed dinars to Libya.

Political developments: The NTC dismisses any deployment of international military forces or observers to Libya.

Political developments: The NTC says it will seek the extradition of Gadhafi family members from Algeria.

Foreign relations: The UN Sanctions Committee on Libya allows the UK to unfreeze £950 million, but other Libyan assets remain blocked.

Human security/International aid: The European Union’s humanitarian office says Gadhafi forces have shut down the main water supply line to Tripoli. The WFP says it is transporting 500,000 litres of water from Malta.

Political developments/Civil unrest: Citizens and rebel officials in Misrata protest against the planned NTC appointment of Albarrani Shkal, a former army general, who they say is responsible for killings and human rights abuses in their city, as security chief in Tripoli.

Law enforcement: Policemen in Tripoli start to return to work.

Law enforcement: Egyptian border guards say they seize a large amount of weapons coming from Libya.

Political developments: Rebels say they have information that Khamis Gadhafi and intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi were killed on 27 August while fighting against rebel forces in Tarhouna. Meanwhile, Gadhafi’s wife Safia and his children, Aisha, Hannibal and Mohammed flee to Algeria. The NTC demands that Algeria hand over any wanted members of the Gadhafi family.

International aid/Human security: The humanitarian situation in Tripoli is improving quickly, with aid organisations sending supplies into the city. The WFP sends 500 tons of food and five water trucks to the capital, while the WHO provides 45 tonnes of medical supplies. Ships of the IOM evacuate 1,100 people from Tripoli.

Human security: The NTC says that 10,000-11,000 people have been freed from Tripoli prisons so far, but that another 40,000-50,000 people arrested in the last months remain unaccounted for.

Human security: The NGO Physicians for Human Rights says that it has collected evidence of the use of population as human shields, rapes, and other war crimes by Libyan government forces during the fighting in Misrata.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents: Fighting erupts in Nawfaliyah, near Sirte. NATO continues bombing Sirte as rebel forces close in. Rebel forces still struggle with pro-Gadhafi resistance in Tripoli.

Military developments/Foreign relations: According to the Sudan Tribune, the NTC Chairman Jalil thanks the Sudanese government for military support.

Human security: Human Rights Watch says it has gathered reports saying that Gadhafi forces committed arbitrary killings and shot dead prisoners during the rebels’ conquest of Tripoli. There are also frequent reports of rebel fighters mistreating and abusing Africans they suspect of being mercenaries. Many migrant workers are hiding from the fighting and are arrested as suspected government supporters. The NTC tells its fighters to refrain from abuses of prisoners.

Tripoli sees severe shortages of water, medical supplies and electricity, which some rebel officials say is partially due to sabotage.

Military developments: Rebel forces capture the western town of Jmayl.

Political developments: The NTC says it has no concrete information on the whereabouts of Col. Gadhafi and his sons.

Political developments: The Obeidi tribe says it will take matters in their own hand should the NTC not disclose the names of the people responsible for the killing of Gen. Younis before the end of Ramadan.

Political developments: The Libyan government offers negotiations to form a transitional government. The NTC refuses, saying Col. Gadhafi has to surrender.

Military developments: The rebel leadership says all its units will be brought under a unified command.

Foreign relations: UN Secretary-General Ban urges the international community to work together to end the fighting in Libya and help stabilise the country. He says quick humanitarian relief is necessary.

Foreign relations: The Arab League, meeting in Cairo, supports the NTC’s request to the international community to unfreeze Libyan assets.

Foreign relations: Benin, Niger and Togo recognise the NTC.

International aid: The UK says it will provide £3 million in emergency humanitarian assistance to Libya through the ICRC.

Foreign relations: The AU, meeting in Ethiopia, refuses to recognise the NTC and calls for a unity government in Libya, including Gadhafi government officials.

Human security: Amnesty International publishes a report saying that in recent days, pro-Gadhafi forces have killed captured rebels in at least two prisoner camps amid reports that up to 200 bodies have been found in a hospital in Abu Salim district. The humanitarian situation in the capital is deteriorating quickly due to a lack in medical supplies.

Political developments: The NTC says it has started to move from Benghazi to Tripoli.

Political developments: The NTC says it has identified who is responsible for the killing of General Abdul Fatah Younis, but is withholding the information for the time being out of fear that it might damage the revolution.

Military developments: While the UK government says NATO is involved in the hunt for Col. Gadhafi, the US denies this, saying that it is only engaged in operations related to the UN mandate.

Kidnappings/Abductions/Disappearances: The four Italian journalists kidnapped near Zawiyah are freed.

Foreign relations: The UN Security Council, as requested by the US, releases $1.5 billion in Libyan assets to the NTC. NTC Prime Minister Mustafa Jalil says the situation in the country could destabilise if assets are not unfrozen quickly.

Foreign relations: Meeting in Istanbul, the Libya Contact Group calls on the rebels to avoid revenge and Col. Gadhafi to turn himself in. The group further urges the UN Security Council to unfreeze Libyan assets to ease the situation within the country.

Human security: Two instances of mass executions are reported: 17 people were killed by prison guards, and 30 pro-Gadhafi fighters have been shot. There is little information on the latter.

Human security: The NTC says it has discovered large stocks of supplies in Tripoli that will help to ease shortages.

Human security: Amnesty International says it has received reports about abuses by both government and rebel forces, including the mistreatment of Africans suspected of being mercenaries by the rebels.

International aid: Following delays, the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) evacuates 200 migrants from Tripoli by boat. The IOM says it faces 5,000 requests for evacuation.

Political developments: The NTC places a $2 million bounty on Col. Gadhafi’s head, and offers amnesty to whoever kills him. NTC officials hint that Col. Gadhafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi could be tried in Libya and not be handed over to the ICC should they be found.

Foreign relations: Burkina Faso offers Col. Gadhafi exile, while Chad recognises the NTC. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev urges the conflict parties to stop fighting and start negotiations, as Col. Gadhafi still holds power in Libya.

Political developments: Senior intelligence official Gen. Khalifah Mohammed Ali and Health Minister Mohammed Hijazi defect to the NTC.

Kidnappings/Abductions/Disappearances: Four Italian journalists are abducted and their driver is killed by government supporters near Zawiyah.

Human security: Western journalists held in the Rixos Hotel in Tripoli are let go.

Foreign relations: The US asks the UN Security Council to unfreeze $1.5bn in Libyan assets for the NTC.

Political developments: Several Libyan embassies officially declare their allegiance to the NTC; including the embassies in the Philippines, Japan, Ethiopia, Argentina, Turkey and Bosnia. Protesters in Zimbabwe replace the green flag with the rebel one.

Economic developments: The NTC says it will honour all Gadhafi-era energy contracts and restore oil production to pre-conflict levels.

Political developments: NTC chief Mustafa Jalil warns against abuses and summary justice on the verge of victory, saying the world is watching the rebels’ forces in Tripoli. He says he has formed a new body to coordinate security.

Foreign relations: Iraq, Morocco, Bahrain,Greece and Nigeria recognise the NTC as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.

Human security: The IOM says that a rescue mission for 300 migrants in Tripoli has been delayed due to the fighting in the city.

Human security: Western journalists are still held in the Rixos Hotel by government forces.

Political developments: Col. Gadhafi’s son Saif al-Islam, said to be detained by the rebels, makes an appearance in Tripoli. He says the government is still in control.

Foreign relations: Egypt formally recognises the NTC as the government of Libya, and says the council will take over the embassy in Cairo and the country’s seat in the Arab League.

Foreign relations: UK Prime Minister David Cameron urges Col. Gadhafi to give up fighting and offers British help during the transition period. Several state leaders echo the demand.

Foreign relations: Niger starts air surveillance operations on its border with Libya due to worries that armed groups could cross the border. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urges government forces to stop fighting and allow a peaceful transition.

Human security: Foreign journalists in Tripoli’s Rixos Hotel are prevented from leaving the building by government forces.

Political developments: Col. Gadhafi issues several statements urging the population of Tripoli to take up arms against the rebels. The government says that 1,300 people have been killed in the fighting over the capital, but that its troops remain in control. Col. Gadhafi says he will stay in Tripoli until the end.

Political developments: Recently defected Abdel Salam Jalloud, formerly Col. Gadhafi’s deputy, says the government will fall within the next ten days, but Col. Gadhafi will neither flee nor surrender.

Political developments: Libyan state TV is off air after being seized by rebel forces.

Foreign relations: President Obama says Col. Gadhafi’s rule has come to an end, and calls on the NTC to take all necessary measures to prevent civilian casualties and protect institutions as it takes control of the country. NATO says it will continue acting on the UN mandate.

Foreign relations: The Libyan consulate in the UAE reopens under NTC control.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents: Tunisian army units clashes with Libyan gunmen on the border.

Political developments: In an audio address broadcast on state TV, Col. Gadhafi says his forces put quickly down the Tripoli uprising and have succeeded in the cities that the rebels now say they control.

Political developments: The Tunisian state news agency that the Libyan Oil Minister, Omran Abukraa, has defected to the government.

Military developments: Rebel commanders say a 1000-man ‘Tripoli Brigade’ trained in Nalut will be deployed to the capital to secure the city after the fall of the government.

Foreign relations: Tunisia recognises the NTC as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.

Human security: Tunisia says that over the last 24 hours, 2,000 Libyan refugees have crossed its border.

Economic developments: Rebels release fuel from the refinery in Zawiyah to ease the shortage in the rebel-held territory.

Political developments: Libya’s former Prime Minister Abdel Salam Jalloud has reportedly defected to the opposition in Zintan.

Political developments: While denying substantial rebel advances, Libyan Prime Minister Mahmoudi calls for an immediate ceasefire.

Human security: The IOM is preparing large-scale evacuation of migrants from Tripoli.

International aid: China sends 90 tonnes of foodstuffs and medical supplies to Benghazi.

Political developments: The rebel leadership says it will hand over power to an elected body within 8 months of the collapse of the Gadhafi government, pointing out that a transition is necessary to guarantee stability.

Political developments: It remains unclear if interior minister Nassr al-Mabrouk Abdullah has defected. While at least one report says that the Libyan government has said so, Abdullah later appears on state TV and says he is in Cairo because of health issues.

Human security: Rebels say they have found a mass grave of 150 civilians killed by government security forces in Tawargha.

Human security: The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) says about 300,000 foreigners remain in Tripoli, and that the organisation has received 2,000 evacuation requests.

Human security: Italian authorities say 3,000 Libyan refugees have arrived in the last few days. The UNHCR says that about 52,000 people have come across the Mediterranean this year, while an Italian NGO says 1,930 have died en route.

Human security: Rebels say that as many as 2,000 families flee Tripoli to the rebel-held Nafusa Mountains.

Political developments: The Libyan government says that its forces will retake cities captured by rebel forces, and that there is fighting in Surman but that voluntary fighters as well as army units will handle it.

Human security: After rebel forces capture parts of Zawiyah, doctors say that Gadhafi soldiers have used the local hospital as a base, describing many government casualties. Locals depict mass arrests and abuses in the last weeks.

Human security: The UN says as many as 900,000 people, including 200,000 foreigners, have fled from Libya to Tunisia, 4,000 of whom cannot go back to their country of origin because it is also affected by violence.

Military developments: After the latest territorial gains, rebel commanders near Tripoli say they have cut off all supply lines to the city, including oil pipelines.

Political developments: Libya’s interior minister, Nassr al-Mabrouk Abdullah, arrives in Cairo with his family in an apparent defection from the Libyan government.

Political developments: Libyan state TV airs a supposed live speech by Col. Gadhafi via telephone, in which he urges Libyan to take up arms against the rebels.

Foreign relations/International aid: The Dutch government says it will release €100 million in frozen government assets for the WHO to buy medical supplies for the Libyan people.

Foreign relations: In the third such operation, Turkey prepares to send 14,000 tons of fuel to the NTC. Earlier deliveries amounted to 10,000 tons.

Foreign relations: In the face of recent rebel gains, British Prime Minister David Cameron says that NATO operations have undermined the stability of the Gadhafi government and that the UK will continue military operations. The US says rebel advances increases the pressure on the Libyan government, now cut off in Tripoli.

Human security: About 1,600 North African refugees have arrived in Italy by boat in recent days. Since the beginning of the year, 11,000 people have undertaken the dangerous journey.

Political developments: Anonymous sources say that rebels and government representatives hold talks in southern Tunisia. The Libyan government and the NTC deny the report. UN special envoy al-Khatib is also in Tunisia, but the UN says he is not party to any current negotiations.

Foreign relations: The Libyan government criticises UN Secretary-General Ban over his acknowledgment that NATO is trying to avoid civilian casualties. Libya says that NATO is solely responsible for civilian deaths.

Foreign relations: Commenting on possible rifts within the rebel movement, a US diplomat says that disturbing reports from Benghazi may be overblown, and that the NTC has quickly reacted to reports of human-rights abuses by rebel forces and the assassination of Gen. Younis.

Human security: Refugees in Tripoli say Gadhafi supporters in rebel-held territory are targeted by rebel forces, having their possessions looted and their homes attacked. There are several reports of threatened and actual revenge attacks by rebel forces.

Foreign relations: Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signs a decree backing UN Security Council Resolution 1973 mandating the intervention in Libya. According to the decree, Russia bans all flights from its territory to Libya except for humanitarian operations, and its vessels will enforce the naval blockade. All financial transactions involving assets of Col. Gadhafi or his family are also banned.

Foreign relations: President Sarkozy says France will continue operations in Libya for as long as necessary.

Human security: The World Health Organisation says that after six months of fighting in Libya, hospitals are suffering from a shortage of medical supplies that have to be replenished. The ICRC calls on governments and organisations to review how sanctions are applied.

Law enforcement: The Tunisian army patrols fuel stations to limit the possibility of fuel being smuggled into Libya.

Political developments: The government bans the use of Thuraya satellite phones without a permit, saying they are used by rebels to convey targeting data to NATO forces.

Human security: Amnesty International calls on NATO to investigate Libyan government claims that 85 civilians were killed in an air-strike in Majar. UN Secretary-General Ban says expresses concern over reports of high civilian losses, and urges all sides to conduct operations with the necessary caution. He further says that since there is no military solution to the conflict, parties should start to develop ideas of how to end the conflict and cooperate with UN envoy Abdul Elah al-Khatib.

Civil unrest/Foreign relations: Pro-rebel protesters storm the Libyan embassy in Stockholm. It is the third time this year that protesters have occupied the building. The embassy is later cleared by police forces, and seven men are arrested.

Foreign relations: The Libyan embassy in Washington DC officially reopens under NTC control.

Law enforcement/Foreign relations: Tunisia seizes five truckloads of fuel destined for Gadhafi forces.

International aid: The ICRC says it has received reports that the hospital in Ajdabiyah was used as a cover for snipers and that Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols were used to support military operations as well as ambulances being used to transport arms and combatants.

Political developments: Libyan state TV shows footage of Col. Gadhafi’s son Khamis, who rebels reported dead after a NATO air-strike in Zlitan last week. A rebel spokesperson insists that Khamis is dead.

Foreign relations: The Libyan oil company al-Sharara and the government Organisation for Administrative Affairs are added to the EU list of entities subject to asset freezes and travel bans.

Foreign relations: Member of the UN Security Council criticise NATO attacks on Libyan state TV installations, and ask for the results of pending NATO investigations. While UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon says Resolution 1973 is enforced correctly, NATO member states argue that media buildings can be legitimate targets in case they are used to incite violence against civilians. They say the alliance did not deliberately target journalists.

Foreign relations: The NTC takes over the Libyan embassy in London.

Foreign relations: The NTC’s envoy to France says that Col. Gadhafi will not be allowed to stay in Libya even if he decides to step down.

Foreign relations: The US says it is trying to convince African governments to press for Col. Gadhafi’s resignation.

Military developments: Rebel forces have reportedly established control over Bir al-Ghanam, despite government denials. Rebel commanders say citizens in Zlitan need to rise up to help rebel forces to take the city. In the east of the country, rebel forces have formed a security unit to protect oil installations.

Political developments: NTC chairman Mustafa Jalil dismisses the entire executive committee after learning that one of its members, Ali Essawy, signed an arrest warrant for Gen. Abdul Fatah Younis prior to his killing. Jalil is asked to form a new committee. Fatah’s Obeidi tribe welcomes the move, but says that the people responsible for the killing have to be brought to justice.

Foreign relations: UNESCO chief Irina Bokova criticises NATO attacks against Libyan state TV installations, saying that media outlets should not be attacked in military operations.

Civil unrest/Human security: Tripoli has experienced many power outages due to a lack of fuel. The government says NATO attacks on infrastructure as well as rebels sabotaging pipelines are responsible. Some reports say there have been small protests in the capital against the shortages.

Foreign relations: The pope calls for an end to all violence in the Middle East and urges all parties to restart the search for political solutions to the conflict in Libya.

Military developments/Foreign relations: A Qatari air plane lands in Misrata and reportedly offloads large amounts of ammunition destined for rebel forces.

Political development: The Libyan government denies reports that Col. Gadhafi’s son Khamis was killed by a NATO air-strike in Zlitan yesterday, in which rebels say 32 soldiers were killed.

Political developments: The Libyan government denies statements by Saif al-Islam Gadhafi that it is allied to Islamists.

Foreign relations: Italy asks NATO to help with rescue operations for people fleeing Libya by boat, and demands an investigation into allegations that the alliance refused to help a boat in distress.

International aid: The International News Safety Institute (INSI) joins the International Federation of Journalists in calling upon the UN to investigate NATO’s bombing of the Libyan state TV in which three journalists were reportedly killed.

Law enforcement: The Cartagena is cleared by NATO forces to dock in Benghazi.

Human security: A ship with 300 refugees fleeing Libya arrives in Lampedusa. Up to 100 people have died on the overcrowded boat.

Political developments: Saif al-Islam Gadhafi says the government could ally with Islamists to drive out liberal forces and form an Islamist state. While Ali Sallabi, a leading Islamist, confirms discussions, he says he is supporting the NTC.

International aid: The UNHCR and other organisations start to hand out food for more than 55,000 refugees in Libya during the month of Ramadan.

Foreign relations: The US hand over the Libyan Embassy in Washington to the NTC.

Political developments: Gen. Younis’s son, Motasin, says that it is still unclear who killed his father, but that the perpetrators were traitors among the rebels. He says the Obeidi tribe could take matters in their own hands should the investigation be delayed further.

Political developments: The Libyan government urges soldiers that have deserted to the rebel forces to come back to its side, offering a variety of incentives.

Foreign relations: Russia says the fighting in Libya is in a deadlock, and that all parties should start looking for a political solution. Contradicting the Russian position, US envoy Chris Stevens says the rebels have made political and military advances and will improve their human-rights performance.

Political developments: The family of Gen. Younis says that too little effort is being made to find out who killed him, and that they may turn to the ICC for help. The NTC has named Suleiman al-Obeidi, a member of Younis’s tribe, acting military chief.

Political developments: In his first public appearance in weeks, Saif al-Islam Gadhafi is shown on state TV saying that the fighting will continue until NATO is vanquished.

Foreign relations: France releases €181 million of frozen funds to the NTC.

Foreign relations: While quoting from a letter he received from Col. Gadhafi thanking him for his support, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez backs the Libyan state leader and attacks NATO for its role in Libya.

Human security: The Italian coast guard finds a boat with 271 Libyan refugees near the Italian coast. There were 25 dead on the boat.

Law enforcement: After detaining about 60 people related to raids on the suspected pro-Gadhafi al-Nidaa Brigade in Benghazi, rebel security forces continue arrests throughout the city. NTC officials say the group is responsible for a prison break last week that released 300 detainees.

Foreign relations: France says it will continue its operations in Libya as long as Gadhafi clings to power, and urges the population of Tripoli to rise up against the government. Britain echoes the statement.

Economic developments: The NTC sells its last stocks of crude oil.

Civil unrest/Military developments: Rebel officials say that the population of Souk al-Thulatha, near Zlitan, has risen against the authorities but is now under siege by government forces.

Military developments/Foreign relations: The US says it is investigating reports that a ship transporting weapons for the Libyan government was allowed to dock in Djen Djen, Algeria, in an apparent violation of UN resolutions.

Political developments: NTC member Ali al-Issawi says the council wants Col. Gadhafi to be tried at the International Criminal Court (ICC).

Economic developments: Italy is to transfer the first part of €350 million in cash and fuel to Benghazi.

Peace process: Libyan government spokesperson Moussa Ibrahim says senior members of the government are willing to continue talks with the US, and to start talks with opposition forces should they disarm.

Political developments: Thousands of people gather in Tripoli’s main square to show their support for the government.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents/Military developments: Rebel officials estimate that 40,000 mines have been planted around Brega by Gadhafi loyalists, slowing down the rebel advance. Meanwhile, the rebels advance on Zlitan, losing three fighters.

Military developments: The rebel leadership says it has sent undercover fighters into Tripoli to conduct operations against government targets. The rebel leadership also says that Gadhafi troops in Brega have rigged the town’s oil installations with explosives in case they lose control over them.

Military developments: The Libyan government says it has handed out 1.2 million weapons to loyal tribes. The government is reportedly trying to mobilise tribal leaders and retake the western mountains.

Military developments: NATO has requested drones and other surveillance equipment from the US. This would require shifting units away from other theatres.

Foreign relations/Military developments: Visiting France, rebel leaders say they have requested weapons for the attack on Tripoli.

Political developments: In a pre-recorded speech on state TV, Col. Gadhafi says that he will not talk to the rebel leadership and that the troops loyal to him will be victorious. He also urges tribal leaders in Misrata to retake the city.

Foreign relations: China asks all conflict parties in Libya to effect an immediate ceasefire and solve the crisis through dialogue, and says it will coordinate policy with South Africa.

Foreign relations: Niger’s President Mahamadou Issoufou says he fears that extremists might take over Libya, destabilising the country.

Military developments: Britain says it will send four additional Tornado aircraft to Libya. A spokesperson says that pro-government forces in Libya have begun to conceal troops, equipment and headquarters in populated areas. French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe says NATO will continue its operations during Ramadan.

Political developments: In an audio address broadcast at a pro-Gadhafi demonstration in Zlitan, Col. Gadhafi denounces the decision by the USA and several other countries to recognise the NTC.

Foreign relations: Representatives of more than 30 countries and international organisations meet in Istanbul for the fourth Libya Contact Group summit. A roadmap is adopted, stating that the NTC will supervise a transition to democracy, and a national assembly representing the entire Libyan population is to draft a constitution. The NTC requests that frozen Libyan assets be made available to it. Meanwhile, the UK says military operations will be stepped up.

Foreign relations: The US and several other countries recognise the NTC as the legitimate representatives of the Libyan people until an interim body is in place. The recognition is an important step towards unblocking about $34 billion in Libyan assets in the US.

Human security: The International Organization of Migration (IOM) says about 625,000 people have fled Libya since the beginning of the uprising, but many thousands still remain in the country particular in the south.

Political developments: Libyan state TV broadcasts an audio address by Col. Gadhafi while showing footage of large pro-government demonstrations in the city of al-Ajaylat.

Foreign relations: Meeting with members of the European Parliament, NTC chief Mahmoud Jibril asks the EU to unfreeze Libyan money. Jibril accuses Algeria of assisting Gadhafi forces, passing on weapons to al-Qaeda to destabilise Libya.

Foreign relations: Russian envoy Mikhail Margelov says Col. Gadhafi has told him that he has a plan to destroy Tripoli in case it is taken over by rebel forces. Margelov says he considers the plan to be credible since the Libyan government possesses plenty of surface-to-surface rockets and ammunition. However, he also says pro-Gadhafi forces have limited supplies of tank shells and small arms ammunition, and fuel. The Libyan government denies the existence of such a plan.

Foreign relations/Military developments: US Assistant Secretary of State for political-military affairs, Andrew Shapiro, says that the US has sent interagency teams to Libya’s neighbours Algeria, Niger, Chad and Mali, to discuss border security and identifying MANPADs reportedly on the loose in Libya that might be transferred to Islamist militants. Shapiro also says that the State Department is looking into providing more funding for the effort to prohibit proliferation of the weapons system.

Foreign relations: NATO Secretary-General Rasmussen asks alliance members to increase their contribution in military operations in Libya, saying that all those that have aircraft at their disposal should increase their commitment.

Economic developments: The Libyan government halts its cooperation with the Italian oil company ENI. ENI is the biggest foreign investor in the country’s oil sector and has been in the country since the 1950s. The government says it is in negotiations with Russian, Chinese as well as US firms on new contracts.

Foreign relations: Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg recognise the NTC as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.

Human security: Human Rights Watch (HRW) says rebel fighters in western Libya have committed human rights abuses in four towns they took control of last month, including attacks on alleged Gadhafi loyalists, burning their houses, and looting medical centres. The affected cities are Qawalish, Awaniya, Rayaniyah and Zawiyat al-Bagul. Rebel officials say that their forces are not responsible, but if they are, the offenders will be ‘brought to justice’. HRW quotes one rebel commander as saying that while abuses have taken place, it is not NTC policy. HRW has also documented government attacks on civilians and the deployment of landmines by government forces.

Foreign relations: NATO, reacting to Libyan statements that it is aiding the rebels, says it is only enforcing the UN mandate to protect civilians. The alliance says Tripoli has employed mercenaries, but does not know of Colombian mercenaries fighting for the rebels. NATO has destroyed over 60 targets in the western mountains during the last 24 hours.

Foreign relations: UN Secretary-General says that the government should allow for a peaceful solution to the crisis and search for ways to ease the humanitarian situation.

Military developments: NATO has damaged or destroyed more than 2,700 military targets since the start of the campaign.

Foreign relations: A senior Chinese diplomat visits Benghazi and urges the conflict parties to quickly find a political solution to the crisis.

Civil unrest: Thousands take to the streets of Benghazi and Misrata in support of the NTC and NATO.

Human security: Amnesty International says its inability to find hard evidence of the Libyan government’s use of systematic rape as a repression tactic does not mean it did not happen. Socio-cultural taboos limit the willingness of rape victims to speak out, which could lead to an underestimation of the number of cases.

International aid/Foreign relations: Meeting with rebel leader Mahmoud Jibril, Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu says Turkey will support the Libyan people during Ramadan by sending aid through the rebel government, and says the NTC could benefit from Libyan assets frozen in Turkey. Jibril invites Turkish companies back into the country.

International aid: Russia sends humanitarian aid to Benghazi.

Military developments: Germany says it will supply ammunition and other equipment to the NATO campaign in Libya.

Political developments: The Tunisian state news agency reports that Libyan Foreign Minister Abdelati Obeidi, Health Minister Ahmed Hijazi, and Social Affairs Minister Ibrahim Sherif are all in Tunisia and have met with foreign representatives.

Foreign relations: The Arab League condemns the loss of civilian lives in a NATO strike on 19 June. Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini says that the killing of civilians endangers NATO’s credibility.

Political developments: Saif al-Islam Gadhafi offers elections and says his father would step down if he loses. The NTC and the US government both reject the offer, saying it comes too late.

Political developments: Libyan Prime Minister al-Baghdadi al-Mahmoudi rejects the NATO and rebel demand for Col. Gadhafi to leave power.

Foreign relations: The US government, involved in arguments over the constitutional legitimacy of its Libya engagement, says that it will continue its operations even without a congressional approval.

Political developments: Libya says it is willing to implement the AU peace proposal, which has been rejected by the rebels.

Foreign relations: As the first US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton addresses the AU, asking its member states to abandon Col. Gadhafi and that ‘unreformed’ African leaders could be ousted by the democratic wave. She urges African states to join the anti-Gadhafi coalition and close his embassies, expel his diplomats and build ties with the NTC.

Political developments: Libya’s oil minister, Shukri Ghanem defects. Speaking at a news conference in Italy, he says that he wants to work with the NTC to form a constitutional government in Libya. He also says that Libya’s oil production is coming to a halt.

Political developments: AFRICOM Commander General Carter F. Ham says the US is concerned that weapons from Libyan arsenals could end up in the hands of regional militant organisations, including al-Qaeda. Algeria has also expressed such concerns.

Foreign relations: The US House of Representatives tables a resolution demanding an end to US involvement in NATO’s Libya operations.

Human security: A UN panel concludes that government forces in Libya have committed crimes against humanity. In a systematic and widespread attack against civilians forces employed murder, torture and sexual abuse, it says. It also found evidence for many violations of international humanitarian law that qualify as war crimes. The panel says that the actions were most likely centrally planned by Col. Gadhafi and his inner circle. The panel also found evidence of cases of crimes committed by rebel forces, but says that these were single events.

Military developments: The Guardian and Reuters report that rebel forces have acquired the Milan anti-tank missile system. An IISS in-house expert says this is credible.

Political developments: Libya’s former envoy to Italy, Hafed Gaddur, says the Gadhafi government will come to an end soon and that a diplomatic solution for Gadhafi is no longer possible. He says he is one of eight ambassadors in Europe who have publicly sided with the opposition, and that there are more that secretly have been working with the rebel government in Benghazi.

Human security: The UN humanitarian coordinator Panos Moumtzis says that the Libyan government has told him that that government-held areas are slowly running out of medicine and foodstuffs due to sanctions. Moumtzis says that the supply situation is better in the rebel-controlled east, adding that the UN urgently needs funds for humanitarian missions in Libya.

Foreign relations: The US government firmly rebuffs Colonel Gadhafi’s letter, and reiterates its stance that Gadhafi should resign and go into exile.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents: Heavy fighting is reported on the road between Ajdabiyah and Brega.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents/Military developments: Rebels seize the town of Yifrin from regime forces.

Human security: A ship carrying 300 Libyan refugees capsizes off Italy, with 250 believed dead.

Military developments: Turkish naval vessels intercept a private ship carrying weapons, ammunition and medical supplies from Benghazi to Misrata, refusing it to dock there.

Political developments: Maj.-Gen. Abdul Fatah Younis calls on NATO to do more to help civilians.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents: The rebels mount an offensive in an effort to retake the town of Brega, but are quickly repelled.

Political developments: A senior aide to Col. Gadhafi’s son Saif is said to be conducting secret talks with British officials in London. The threat of regime defections has led to guards being posted at points of exit from Libya.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents: A Libyan doctor claims that a coalition airstrike near Brega has killed seven civilians and wounded 25.

Military developments: NATO warns Libya’s rebels not to attack civilians, or they will face the same airstrikes that have been directed at Gadhafi’s troops.

Political developments: Moussa Koussa, the Libyan Foreign Minister, defects to the UK. Libyan government spokesman Moussa Ibrahim denies that it is a defection, calling Koussa a tired old man.

Foreign relations: Turkey tries to broker a ceasefire between the two warring factions, warning against a long, drawn out conflict.

Human security: A woman who was detained by Gadhafi’s security services breaks into a press conference in Tripoli and claims that she was raped 15 times while in custody. She is led away screaming. She is threatened by staff at the press conference and a gun is pulled on a news team. The government says that four people are under criminal investigation for the incident and that the woman will be available for interviews in the next few days.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents: Gadhafi’s forces launch a full scale offensive on the western city of Zawiyah, eventually retaking it. There are reports of heavy losses on both sides.

Civil unrest: Hundreds of people gather in front of the main court in Benghazi demanding that the militia occupying it leaves and allows for the judiciary system to be resumed.

Armed clashes/Violent incidents: The town of Ajdabiyah falls to the rebels, and all its government buildings are burnt and ransacked. Gadhafi forces also lose control of western towns such as Zawiyah.

Economic developments: The rebels succeed in shutting down Libya’s oil exports.

Military developments: Two fighter pilots from the Libyan air force defect and fly to Malta, saying that they refuse to fire on unarmed civilians and protesters as they were ordered to.

Political developments: Saif al-Islam Gadhafi, Col. Gadhafi’s second son, makes a television appearance in which he says that they will fight ‘to the last bullet’ to maintain power in Libya.